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Us Beef Processosr Approved Est Numberfor Korea

Written By sexta-feira, 27 de maio de 2022 Add Comment Edit

Protesters lit upwardly their candles in downtown Seoul, three May 2008.

A close upwards picture of Candle-light girl, an iconic character created by protest organizers. The slogan reads, "All candles together, till our goals achieved". Photo taken in front end of Seoul Urban center Hall on half dozen June 2008.

The 2008 US beef protest in S Korea was a series of protestation demonstrations made between 24 May 2008 and mid August 2008.[1] against president Lee Myung-bak in Seoul, Korea.[ii] The protest involved several hundred thousand[2] [3] and at its elevation up to one million people.[iv] The protest began after the South Korean government reversed a ban on United states beef imports. The ban had been in place since December 2003, when mad moo-cow disease was detected in US beef cattle.[2] [three]

The protests occurred on a background of talks concerning the U.s.a.-Korea free trade understanding. Critics accuse the move equally an attempt by the Korean government to please the US government.[2]

Local media too criticized the authorities'southward attempt. An example of this is the Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) PD Note plan "Is American Beefiness Really Safety from Mad Cow Illness?" televised on 27 April 2008.[5]

Lee Myung-bak's popularity plummeted after the decision and protests.[2]

Groundwork [edit]

Southward Korea was one time the third-largest importer of Us beefiness.[2] This inverse when in 2003 mad-cow disease, specifically the prion responsible for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), was detected in US beef.[three] Imports were and so halted.[half dozen]

In 2008, the so new Lee Myung-bak authorities agreed, afterward extensive negotiations, to restart imports.[6]

That determination set off a firestorm of controversy, leading hundreds of thousands of citizens to come out in the leap and early summertime of 2008 in protestation over the resumed imports and against the corrupt chaebol regime. Media reports, public networks, and PD Note uncovered the new president's policies to be putting South Koreans' health at risk of contracting mad cow illness.[six] The deal has sparked public outrage for exposing the land to a higher risk of mad moo-cow disease.[7]

Natively referred to equally the "Million Citizen Protests," the events comprised nation's largest anti-regime movement in 2 decades, drawing hundreds of thousands of citizens daily and 1,700 civic groups over a bridge of three months. The conflict escalated to over 770,000 protesters in contention with 470,000 police.[viii] [9] [10]

Origin of the protest [edit]

2003 [edit]

On 23 December 2003, a first case of BSE in the U.s.a. was found in Washington state. The Holstein cow had been imported from Canada in 2001. On 9 December the 6.five-year-quondam cow was slaughtered. The cow was a "downer" (a cow that is unable to walk). For that reason, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) was automatically notified; and the cow was examined earlier and afterwards its death by a government vet. The veterinary determined that the cow was suffering from complications of calving. Samples of tissue were taken for farther testing for BSE. Parts of the cow with a loftier take chances of transmitting the BSE prion were removed but may accept been sent for "inedible rendering" into food for non-ruminant animals. The carcass itself was allowed to go along on for further processing into human food at other facilities. On 23 Dec 2003 when tests proved positive for BSE, a call back was fabricated. The contaminated meat had not entered the commercial market. Offspring of the moo-cow were destroyed.[xi] South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Taiwan banned imports of US beef.[12]

The head of the US FDA at the fourth dimension was Ann M. Veneman, a former lobbyist for the food industry.[13]

Japan is allowed "imports of beef and beef products anile 20 months or younger" as a "'scientifically sound and internationally recognized standard,'" stated U.s.a. Agriculture secretary Mike Johanns. In dissimilarity, the first phase of Korea'due south agreement allows bone-in beef thirty months or younger while the 2nd stage allows "specified products from animals over 30 months at a later date."[xiv] [15]

"Most Koreans eat 85 parts of the cow…that are highly susceptible to prions that huddle in certain areas of the brain, eyes, intestines, spinal cords and backbones." Despite compliance with OIE rules, "the beginning three shipments of U.Due south. beef to Korea contained bone fragments, including i shipment that contained an unabridged spine were banned over affliction concerns last October."[16] Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative, invariably fatal brain disorder. Typically, onset of symptoms occurs at approximately the age of 60. Near 90 per centum of patients dice within ane year.[17]

Opposite to FDA regulations and those specified by the Free Trade Agreement, but 5 out of 57 local companies requested for packages to exist checked. At that place was a 3% inspection from US and i% inspection agreement from Australia/New Zealand. The sample packages were inspected solely for labeling discrepancies, instead of the presence of disease.[18] Although there were many confirmed cases of BSE in encephalon scans and medical tests performed on the public, the true death toll of these policies has yet to be calculated.[19]

2006 [edit]

By 2006, sixty-five nations had full or partial restrictions on the importation of US beef. Export sales of US beef fell from $3.8 billion in 2003 to $1.iv billion in 2005.[xx] An attempt to reopen the South Korean market to US beef imports in 2006 (restricted to boneless meat from cattle less than 30 months old) failed when the Due south Korean government discovered bone fries in a shipment of iii.ii tons of meat.[21] Desultory attempts fabricated in the post-obit yr also failed for similar reasons.[22]

2008 – Lee'due south reversal of the beef import ban [edit]

On 17 January 2008 representatives of the president of South korea met with Alexander Vershbow, the U.S. ambassador to South korea to discuss beef imports.[23] Farther talks were held between 11 and 17 April 2008. On 18 April U.S. and South Korean negotiators reached an agreement on the sanitary rules that Korea would require of U.S. beefiness imports. The agreement allowed imports of all cuts of U.S. beefiness (both boneless and os-in) and certain beef products, including those from cattle over 30 months old. Processors had to remove material known to gamble BSE prion manual.[24] President Lee visited President George W. Bush-league at Campsite David on 20 April 2008. The U.S. reported,

President Bush-league welcomed the determination of the Korean authorities to resume the import of U.S. beef, based on international standards and scientific discipline. The 2 presidents pledged to brand every effort to urge their corresponding legislatures to corroborate the KORUS FTA (Korean US Free trade agreement) inside this year.[25]

Demonstrators accused Lee of reversing the ban on imports of U.S. beefiness in haste, giving the U.S. unwarranted concessions, so that Korea would receive a favorable reception, particularly with respect to ratifying the proposed free trade agreement. The demonstrators said Lee had abased his duty of care to the people of South Korea for political gain past ignoring their business about BSE prion transmission and by lowering tariffs on imported beef.[26] [27] Korea agreed to remove a forty% tariff on beefiness muscle meat imported from the U.S. for a period of 15 years. Korea could notwithstanding, impose temporary tariffs if there was a surge of U.S. beef imports above specified levels.[28]

The government'south main reason for the concessions involved Lee's bargain to sell Hyundai cars, as the former vice president of Hyundai Corporation.[29] "Mr. Lee hoped his decision to end the five-year-erstwhile ban on American beef would assistance win United States Congressional support for a costless trade understanding between the countries. Congressional leaders have warned that they will never ratify the pact unless South Korea fully opens its market to American beef."[30]

MBC PD Note programme [edit]

On 27 April 2008, MBC televised a program called "Is American Beef Really Safe from Mad Cow Illness?" The programme precipitated mass demonstrations. Afterward a complaint was received from the South Korean agriculture ministry, the Seoul central prosecutors' office formed a team of five to investigate the program's content.[31]

Downer cows [edit]

Downer cows are animals presented for slaughter that are sick or unable to walk. One of many causes for a downer is BSE. MBC was criticised for broadcasting footage of downer cows with translated subtitles that suggested they suffered from BSE, whereas they were filmed because of animate being cruelty concerns, not BSE.[32]

Aretha Vinson [edit]

Aretha Vinson was a 21-yr-old student at Virginia Country University. She died on 9 April 2008 of Wernicke'south encephalopathy.[33] The MBC broadcast showed footage of Vinson'south mother speaking virtually her girl'southward illness. Translated subtitles suggested Vinson had vCJD, just that was but one initial diagnostic possibility.

Hazard of Usa beef to South Korea [edit]

Concerns that some commentators raised about the program included, MBC's statements nigh a genetic vulnerability of Koreans to CJD;[34] the U.s. exporting cattle over 30 months onetime to Korea rather than selling it to the domestic market;[35] and, the risk of contracting CJD by consuming beefiness products such as powdered soup base of operations in instant noodles, cosmetics, and gelatin medication.[36]

Reaction to PD Annotation [edit]

Demonstrations involving tens of thousands of people began shortly after the first broadcast, and increased when MBC aired another segment two weeks later.

Korean Communications Commission [edit]

MBC became the subject of legal action. On 12 August 2008, the Korea Communications Commission called for MBC to apologise to the public over misrepresentations made in the PD Note program.[37] MBC apologised in a two-infinitesimal broadcast, conceding that six translation errors had been made and that downer cattle had been mistakenly identified equally suffering from BSE.[38]

MBC versus Authorities [edit]

The government of South Korea directed its prosecutors role to investigate alleged actions of the MBC including mis-representations fabricated by the PD Note program; aggravation of civil unrest; and, defamation of the minister for agriculture. In June 2009, iv producers and one writer were indicted on the charges.[39] In January 2010, the MBC staff were exonerated by judges of the Seoul key commune court.[40] The supreme courtroom upheld the findings.[41]

"Candlelight" demonstrations [edit]

Stacked shipping containers in downtown Seoul blocking Sejong avenue, which leads to the South Korean Presidential residence the Blue Firm. Photo taken on 12 June 2008.

Net news media Ohmynews broadcasting alive protest in the street.

Some commentators argue that there is a long-held and perpetual "culture of protest" in Southward Korea involving groups ranging from anarchists to social reformers.[42] Anti Us beefiness protests began on 24 May 2008. After the MBC PD Note circulate, the U.s. beefiness protests in Seoul increased. A three-twenty-four hour period demonstration held in relay took place from five June 2008 to vii June 2008.[43] Attendance peaked on the evening of 10 June 2008, (fourscore,000 protestors in attendance) before declining.[44] (Photographs depicting the demonstrations from "Reuters", "Getty Images" and "AFP" are published hither.)

[edit]

Net and text messaging too assisted in publicising the motility. With ready access to social media, among the commencement to protest were teenage schoolgirls. A teenage schoolgirl belongings a lit candle became the symbol of the anti-U.s. beef protests.[45] Comments fabricated by some protestors had piddling footing in scientific discipline.[46]

The demonstrators [edit]

After the initial demonstration, the surface area in front end of Seoul'south urban center hall, every bit well every bit the adjoining streets, were occupied past demonstrators. Early in the protest, a festival similar atmosphere prevailed as protesters of all walks of life, built a makeshift tent urban center on the lawn at Seoul Plaza.[47] Yet, some massive, confusing and sometimes aggressive demonstrations and street marches were held each night, particularly at weekends.[48] Thus, the protest had two faces: more peaceful during the solar day and more vehement at night.[49] Most 200 protestors required hospital treatment.[50]

Resulting in over 200 injuries and over one,000 arrests,[51] the issue had far-reaching effects, including a large outcry from groups philosophically opposed to civil disobedience. "Constabulary estimated that 60,000 people, including 7,000 monks clad in gray Buddhist garb, gathered in front end of City Hall in Seoul."[52]

Police action [edit]

On 1 June 2008, police took action to control demonstrators. Buses and aircraft containers were used to halt the progress of street marches. A bulwark of shipping containers were erected beyond Sejong-Ro to terminate marchers from reaching Cheongwadae (office and residence of the president). The protestors named the barrier, "Myung-bak'due south Fortress" and decorated information technology with leaflets and large Korean flags. They photographed themselves continuing on the bulwark. It was dismantled several days later without disharmonize.[53] Water cannons were used to suppress protestors. Some demonstrators were detained for questioning.[54] [55] The Amnesty International study on the human rights aspects of the demonstrations is published here. The report said,

The protests were for the most role peaceful and given its size and elapsing, both the protesters and the police force showed notable organisation and restraint. However, in that location were sporadic incidents of violence, as riot police and protesters clashed. The ii main flashpoints of violence occurred on 31 May/1 June, when the police first used h2o cannons, tear gas, and burn extinguishers, and 28/29 June, the weekend following the government's announcement that Usa beef imports would resume. The determination to apply h2o cannons and fire extinguishers contributed to the mass resignation of all 14 members of the Korean National Law Agency's human being rights committee.[56]

Other forms of protest [edit]

Several workers' unions went on strike to show their opposition to the beef import. I of them is the Korean Metal Workers' Spousal relationship, which represents workers at 240 companies, including the country's iv major automakers. On 2 July, they went on a ii-60 minutes strike to demand a new beef deal and ameliorate working conditions.

On six July, the Catholic Priests' Clan for Justice, an influential religious group known for its struggle against the dictatorships, lead an outdoor Mass to lend its moral support to the protesters.[57]

Effects of the protests [edit]

A fast food eating place in Seoul reassuring customers that they are using "clean beef from Australia".

Korean government [edit]

The blessing rating of Lee fell below 20%. Prime Minister Han Seung-soo and other cabinet members submitted their resignations to President Lee.[58] On 22 May and and then again on xviii June 2008, Lee apologised for ignoring public health concerns.[59] Lee said,

I should accept paid attention to what people want. Sitting on a hill most Cheongwadae on the nighttime of ten June, watching the candlelight acuity, I blamed myself for not serving the people better.

Lee as well delayed the announcement of whatsoever further relaxation of beef importation rules, for example, importation of meat from cattle over 30 months of age.[59] On ii July 2008, Han Seung-soo, Prime Minister of Republic of korea bought 260,000 Korean won (roughly US$230–$260) worth of U.Southward. steak to eat with his family unit at his official residence to alleviate public worries about U.S. beef. The same corporeality of Korean beefiness would have cost approximately 800,000 Korean won (roughly $700–$800, iii times more expensive than imported U.S. beefiness).[60]

United States [edit]

On 22 June 2008, an American trade envoy headed past Susan C. Schwab, agreed with the Korean prime minister and agronomics minister to limit the export of meat to that from carcasses of cattle less than xxx months one-time with government certification of their age and to allow Korea to inspect a sample of U.Southward. slaughterhouses. The agreement also included the banning of importation to Korea of meat from cattle organs considered high hazard for transmission of the BSE prion such every bit brains, optics, skulls and spinal cord. Schwab said,

We look forward to safe, affordable, high-quality American beefiness – the aforementioned beef enjoyed past hundreds of millions of U.Due south. consumers and people in countries effectually the world – soon arriving on Korean tables.[61]

Tom Casey, deputy spokesman at the U.South. State Department rejected the notion that the U.S. had bullied South. Korea into removing the 2003 ban on U.S. beef imports and said,

[The U.S. and Due south. Korea] have a long history of military machine and security cooperation. I don't think this or any other private issues are going to change the primal relations (betwixt the ii countries).[62]

From December 2009 to December 2010 the Usa meat export federation (USMEF) used a 3 phase projection called, "To trust". It was an image campaign, designed to increment the trust of Koreans in US beef. It depicted 3 women who were mothers and homemakers. One was a rancher, one a scientist and ane a food prophylactic inspector.[63]

Hi! Seoul festival [edit]

In 2009, a small number of demonstrators commemorated the anniversary of the 2008 protests. They forcibly occupied the Hi! Seoul Festival stage in front of the city hall in central Seoul. The police removed the protestors.[64]

[edit]

Kim Dae-joong (not to be confused with former Korean President and Nobel Peace Prize winner Kim Dae-jung), a columnist at the Korea Times, wrote in his editorial piece: "It amounts to double-crossing to be really fond of America in all substantive matters, while bad-mouthing America in public protests."[65]

United states of america beef imports in South Korea [edit]

On 1 July 2008, U.Southward. beef imports resumed. In 2009, the US exported 141 million lbs of beefiness to South korea worth $215 1000000.[66] In 2017, the United States became the top beef exporter to Republic of korea, with a record of sending 177,445 tonnes.[67]

See also [edit]

  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
  • South korea – United States Gratis Trade Agreement
  • Lee Myung-bak
  • Us beef imports in South Korea
  • US beefiness imports in Nippon
  • U.s. beef imports in Taiwan

References [edit]

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  57. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/thirty/world/asia/30korea.html[] "Beefiness Protest Turns Trigger-happy in Southward Korea. The New York Times. 30 June 2008.
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External links [edit]

  • South Korean Protests over U.S. Beef The Big Picture Boston.com (Boston Globe).
  • Mad Cow Hysteria Breen, Michael. The Korea Times.
  • Q&A: Korea beef protests BBC News.
  • Collection of news, photos and videos
  • Facts almost American beefiness, Diplomatic mission of the U.s.a. in Seoul.

deroseshist1956.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_US_beef_protest_in_South_Korea

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